扩压叶栅叶尖非定常流动的涡动力学机理

为了揭示压气机叶尖区旋涡结构与流动非定常性之间的关联，采用URANS对一亚声速平面扩压叶栅在不同攻角下的流场进行了求解，并借助Q判据提取了叶尖瞬态涡系结构。结果表明：泄漏涡的破碎现象能够通过诱导新的涡结构间接作用于相邻通道的叶尖流动，是导致叶尖流场失稳的关键因素。在-0.3°和+0.7°攻角下，叶尖泄漏涡发生了螺旋破碎，并伴随有非定常诱导涡的出现，诱导涡对相邻叶片载荷的影响使得叶尖泄漏涡发生周期性摆动；在+1.7°攻角下，泄漏涡破碎会导致反流涡的形成，反流涡的输运会给叶片载荷和来流攻角带来非定常扰动，反过来又会作用于泄漏涡的破碎和反流涡的生成，最终表现为一种自维持的非定常流动现象。     

密封汽流激振下转子动力特性的时域分析

针对汽轮机转子偏心导致的汽流激振问题和静偏心模型在转子动力特性研究中的缺陷，采用动网格技术模拟转子真实的三维涡动，在时域上对转子的动力特性进行研究。结果表明:转子涡动时，汽流激振力及其动力系数在时域上随位移呈三角函数变化，且径向力的方向随转子中心位置的变化发生改变。偏心率、涡动速度、自转速度和压比均影响转子动力特性。额定工况下，偏心率每增加10%，径向力与切向力平均增加约25~35 N。随着涡动速度的增大，切向力朝负方向增加，而直接阻尼和交叉阻尼减小。随着压比的增加，径向力增大而切向力减小。在一定范围内，较大的自转速度会使最大激振力的绝对值减小。      

Applications of structural efficiency assessment method on structural-mechanical characteristics integrated design in aero-engines

In the design process of advanced aero-engines, it is necessary to carry out an effective analysis method between structural features and mechanical characteristics for a better structural optimization. Based on the structural composition and functions of aero-engines, the concept and contents of structural efficiency can reflect the relation between structural features and mechanical characteristics. In order to achieve the integrated design of structural and mechanical characteristics, one quantitative analysis method called Structural Efficiency Assessment Method (SEAM) was put forward. The structural efficiency coefficient was obtained by synthesizing the parameters to quantitatively evaluate the aero-engine structure design level. Parameterization method to evaluate structural design quality was realized. After analyzing the structural features of an actual dual-rotor system in typical high bypass ratio turbofan engines, the mechanical characteristics and structural efficiency coefficient were calculated. Structural efficiency coefficient of high-pressure rotor (0.43) is higher than that of low-pressure rotor (0.29), which directly shows the performance of the former is better, there is room for improvement in structural design of the low-pressure rotor. Thus the direction of structural optimization was pointed out. The applications of SEAM shows that the method is operational and effective in the evaluation and improvement of structural design.     

60m3卧式液氮贮罐预冷过程试验

为进一步了解大型卧罐预冷过程，搭建了60 m3卧式液氮贮罐预冷试验台，对小流量下贮罐预冷过程的降温和罐体应变特性开展了研究。结果表明：预冷过程罐内气体温度首先整体迅速降低，然后缓慢下降，且呈现分层现象；预冷初期液氮在罐底难以积累；靠近底部的罐壁降温过程分为三个阶段，首先与低温氮气进行自然对流传热，温度缓慢下降，液位增长到相应高度后与液氮进行沸腾换热从而温度迅速下降，最后稳定在液氮温度；对于最终液位以上的罐壁，一直维持着平稳的降温速率；贮罐轴向应变全为负值，随着预冷过程进行轴向应变随之增大，与液氮接触的局部罐壁轴向应变会迅速增加。该项试验的成功进行有力地补充了国内大型卧罐预冷试验数据的空白，为低温贮罐可靠性及寿命预测等相关研究提供数据支撑。     

密度比对弯扭导叶扇形孔气膜冷却效率的影响

针对带扇形气膜孔的三维弯扭的高压涡轮一级导叶，采用压力敏感漆传质类比测量技术，研究了不同密度比与质量流量比下叶片的全表面气膜冷却效率分布特性。结果表明：叶片气膜冷却效率随密度比和质量流量比的增加而增大，冷气密度比从1.0增加到2.0时，叶片展向平均气膜冷却效率提升6%～32%。气膜冷却效率随密度比呈现非线性的变化，冷气密度比从1.0增加到1.5时，气膜冷却效率的增幅较小，密度比从1.5增加到2.0时，气膜冷却效率的增幅较大。     

航空发动机高压转子模拟平衡工艺分析与控制

针对大涵道比航空发动机高压转子采用模拟平衡工艺缺少数学分析手段以及模拟转子技术指标缺少制定依据的问题,提出一种模拟平衡工艺量化分析方法。以过转子重心的静和偶不平衡矢量来表示转子不平衡状态,定义了包含质量偏差、重心位置偏差、转动惯量偏差和端跳偏差的模拟转子模型,结合模拟平衡过程和转位平衡原理,建立转子校正不平衡量和转位补偿量数学模型,以高压组合转子初始不平衡量来评估模拟平衡质量。结果表明：模拟平衡能替代组合平衡,被平衡的两个转子均具备装配互换性和装配对接角度不受限制的特点;本案例中为控制模拟平衡质量,模拟转子质量偏差应在±4%以内,重心位置偏差应在±2 mm以内,直径和极转动惯量偏差均应在±5%以内,端跳偏差应小于0.008 mm。     

叶顶间隙和减振阻尼台对多级轴流压气机性能影响的数值模拟

以某多级轴流压气机为研究对象,采用数值模拟的方法研究了叶顶间隙和减振阻尼台对压气机气动性能的影响。研究揭示了叶顶间隙变化对叶顶泄漏流动的影响规律,分析了各级转子叶顶间隙变化对多级轴流压气机性能影响的相对大小。研究发现针对所研究的多级轴流压气机,第5级转子叶顶间隙的变化对压气机性能的影响幅度最大,当叶顶间隙从0.390 mm增加到1.007 mm时,级效率下降了1.72%;而其他级的效率下降幅度较少,最大降幅不超过0.6%。此外,研究了第1级及第5级转子叶片阻尼台对多级压气机性能影响,分析了阻尼台对流场结构及流通能力的影响,揭示了阻尼台影响性能的机理。研究结果表明,当存在阻尼台时,多级轴流压气机的峰值效率、峰值压比以及堵塞质量流量都会下降,其中峰值效率下降了1.6%,峰值压比下降了1.2%,堵塞质量流量下降了1.2%;尤其是第1级和第5级效率明显下降,第1级级效率下降约5.2%,第5级级效率下降约1.6%。在阻尼台存在的地方总压损失大,密流值会降低,流通能力会下降。     

航空鼓形花键设计及其不对中接触特性

针对鼓形花键设计方法不完善、修形量范围无法确定的问题,提出利用花键齿面许用应力与内外花键配合干涉确定鼓形花键鼓形量的范围。以某航空发动机中央传动杆花键为例,开展鼓形花键设计;进而对比研究对中与不对中状态下普通花键和鼓形花键的接触特性。结果表明:对中状态下,普通花键接触应力集中于齿向加载端,而鼓形花键则集中于齿向中部且接触应力增大;不对中状态下,普通花键接触齿对数目显著减小且接触应力显著提高,而鼓形花键的均载性显著且接触应力降低;随着不对中的增大,普通花键因干涉而存在断齿风险,而鼓形花键仍能够啮合但脱开齿对数目增加,接触应力也急剧提高。所确定的鼓形花键修形量范围合理,能够将齿侧间隙、不对中补偿能力、与修形量定量耦合起来,为航空鼓形花键设计、不对中控制、承载能力与寿命提升提供了重要理论参考。      

SAR performance-based fault diagnosis for electro-hydraulic control system: A novel FDI framework for closed-loop system

Model-based fault diagnosis serves as an efficient and powerful technique in addressing fault detection and isolation (FDI) issues for control systems. However, the standard methods and their modifications still encounter some difficulties in algorithm design and application for complex higher-order systems. To avoid these difficulties, a novel fault diagnosis framework based on multiple performance indicators of closed-loop control system is proposed. Under this framework, a so-called performance residual vector is constructed to measure the differences between the real system and the nominal model in terms of system stability, accuracy, and rapidity (SAR) respectively. The criteria for quantification, normalization of the SAR residuals and the explicit mappings between the thresholds and the required performance are given. FDI can be easily achieved simultaneously by monitoring the normalized residual vector length and direction in the SAR performance residual space. A case study on electro-hydraulic servo control system of turbofan engine is adopted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Revisiting the space-time gradient method: A time-clocking perspective,high order difference time discretization and comparison with the harmonic balance method

This paper revisits the Space-Time Gradient (STG) method which was developed for efficient analysis of unsteady flows due to rotor–stator interaction and presents the method from an alternative time-clocking perspective. The STG method requires reordering of blade passages according to their relative clocking positions with respect to blades of an adjacent blade row. As the space-clocking is linked to an equivalent time-clocking, the passage reordering can be performed according to the alternative time-clocking. With the time-clocking perspective, unsteady flow solutions from different passages of the same blade row are mapped to flow solutions of the same passage at different time instants or phase angles. Accordingly, the time derivative of the unsteady flow equation is discretized in time directly, which is more natural than transforming the time derivative to a spatial one as with the original STG method. To improve the solution accuracy, a ninth order difference scheme has been investigated for discretizing the time derivative. To achieve a stable solution for the high order scheme, the implicit solution method of Lower-Upper Symmetric Gauss-Seidel/Gauss-Seidel (LU-SGS/GS) has been employed. The NASA Stage 35 and its blade-count-reduced variant are used to demonstrate the validity of the time-clocking based passage reordering and the advantages of the high order difference scheme for the STG method. Results from an existing harmonic balance flow solver are also provided to contrast the two methods in terms of solution stability and computational cost.